国际法上国际组织的概念
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1.5 本书的结构

本书分为两编。第一编包括五章,分别讨论前边简述的国际组织的四种概念的起源和主要特征,并对描述它们与国际责任问题互动的论证进行总结。在这五章中,对于在国际组织创建法律制度的能力方面只采用一种视角,我将重点讨论它的局限性。对于使用有限视角时存在的分析性谬误,将根据取自不同法律场景的整合予以证明。例如,在功能主义下,我将讨论国际组织采取反制措施的能力;而在特殊主义下,我将讨论欧盟的对外关系。不同主题的选择旨在确保足够的多样性水平,并使我能够尽可能有效地进行论证。

在本书的第二编,我将首先深入探讨国际组织制定法律制度的能力,以及我称为它们所制定法律的双重法律特征的理论讨论。之后,我将运用这些理论性见解来描述国际组织规则的规范种类,描述性宪章文书、一般原则、习惯法、嗣后实践、次级规范、司法裁决以及与成员(国)和第三方的条约。第二编将转向在条约法、国际组织所制定法律文件的效力以及国际责任的背景下,正视国际组织的双重属性。


[1] 《关于国家在其对普遍性国际组织关系上的代表权的维也纳公约》(UN Doc A/CONF67/16)于1975年3月14日开放签署,尚未生效。

[2] Jan Klabbers,“The Life and Times of the Law of International Onganizations”(2001)70 NJIL 287.

[3] 参见本书第9章。

[4] 参见本书第11章。

[5] Relations between States and International Organizations,UNGA Res 1289(XIII)(5 December 1958).

[6] ILC,“First report on Relations between States and Inter-governmental Organizations by Abdull El-Erian”(1963)UN Doc A/CN.4/161 and Add.1(hereafter El-Erian,First Report)164.

[7] 迪奥尼西奥·安齐洛蒂(1867—1950)意大利实证国际法学的创始人,《国际法评论》创办人,代表作有《国际法教程》,1921—1930年任常设国际法院法官(1928—1932年任院长)。——译者注

[8] Dionisio Anzilotti,Cours de Droit International (Gilbert Gidel ed.,Receuil Sirey 1929)283.

[9] Hans Kelsen,Principles of International Law (Rinehart & Co.1952)172:Jochen von Bermstorft,“Autorité oblige:The Rise and Fall of Hans Kelsen's Legal Concept of International Institutions”(2020)31 EJIL 497.

[10] El-Erian,“First Report”(n 6)164.

[11] Stanley Hoffmann,Organisations Internationales et Pouvoirs Politiques des Etats (Armand Colin 1954)12.

[12] El-Erian,“First Report”(n 6)166.

[13] 参见本书第9章。

[14] El-Erian,“First Report”(n 6)184.

[15] ILC,“Relations between States and Inter-governmental Organizations:Suggested List of Questions as Basis of Discussion for the Definition of the Scope and Mode of Treatment:Working Paper Prepared by Mr.Abdullah El-Erian,Special Rapporteur-contained in A/5809.para.4T(1964)UN Doc A/CN.A L104.

[16] ILC,“Second Report on Relations between States and Inter-governmental Organizations by Abdullah El-Erian”(1967)UN Doc A/CN.4/195 and Add.1.137.

[17] ILC,“Third Report on Relations between States and Inter-governmental Organizations by Abdullah El-Erian”(1968)UN Doc A/CN.4/203 and Add.1-5.124.

[18] ILC,“Report of the Commission on the Work of its 20th Session”(27 May-2 August 1968)UN Doc A/7209/Rev.1.196.See also,ILC,“Sixth Report on Relations between States and inter-governmental Oranizations by Abdullah El-Erian”(1971)UN Doc A/CN.4/241 and Add.1-6.17.para.43.

[19] 参见本书第9章。

[20] Catherine Brölmann,The Institutional Veil in Public International Law International Originations and the Law of Treaties (Hart 2007)11.

[21] Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (adopted 23 May 1969,Entered into force 27 January 1980)1155 UNTS 331,art 2(i).

[22] 参见本书第9章和第11章。

[23] Michel Virally,“Definition and Classification of international Organizations a Legal Approach” in George Abi-Saab(ed.),The Concept of International Organizations (UNESCO 1981)5.

[24] Henry G.Schermers and Niels M.Blokker,Institutional LawUnity within Diversity (Nijhoff 2011)para.33.

[25] José E Alvarez,International Organizations as Law-makers (OUP 2005)4.

[26] 关于这一路径的重要性,另见Jan Klabbers and Guy Fiti Sinclair,“On Theorizing International Organizations Law:Editors' Introduction”(2020)31 EJIL 489。

[27] ILC,“Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations,with Commentaries”(2011)UN Doc A/66/10(hereafter ARIO).

[28] Jan Klabbers,An Introduction to International Organizations Law (3rd edn,CUP 2015)2.

[29] VCRS(n 1)art 1(34).

[30] ILC,“Draft Articles on the Representation of States in Their Relations with International Organizations”(1971)UN Doc A/26/10.However,a similar definition was included in para.5 of the commentary to art 3.

[31] Suzanne Basdevant,Les Fonctionnaires Internationaux (Sirey 1931);Andrea Rapisardi-Mirabelli,“La Théorie Générale des Unions Internationales”(1925)7 RCADI 345.

[32] For instance,see ARIO(n 26)commentary to art 10.

[33] CRS(n 1)287.

[34] ILC,“Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts,with Commentaries”(2001)UN Doc A/56/10.《国家对国际不法行为责任的条款草案》第55条规定:“在并且只有在国际不法行为的存在条件或者国际责任的内容或履行受国际法特别规则调整的情况下,本条款草案不予适用。”

[35] ARIO(n 26)commentary to art 10.

[36] 对于这一理论,国际法委员会引用了下列文献:Matteo Decleva,Il Diritto Interno Delle unioni Internazionali(Cedam 1962);Giorgio Balladore Pallieri,“Le Droit interne des Organisations Internationals”(1967)127 RCADI 1;Alain Pellet and Patrick Daillier,Droit International Public(7th edn,LGDJ 2002)576-577。

[37] 对于这一理论,国际法委员会引用了下列文献:Lazar Focsaneanu,“Le droit interne de l'Organisation des Nations Unies”(1957)3 AFDI315;Philippe Cahier,“Le droit interne des organisations internationals”(1963)67 RGDIP 563;Julio A Barberis,“Nouvelles questions concernant la personalité juridique internationale”(1983)179 RCADI 147;Christiane Ahlborn,“The Rules of International Organizations and the Law of International Responsibility”(2011)8 IOLR 397;Rudolf Bernhardt,“Qualifikation und Anwendungsbereich des internen Rechts internationaler Organisationen”(1973)12 Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Volkerrecht 7。

[38] 国际法委员会注意到了欧洲共同体,将之作为一个典型事例,并引用了Flaminio CostaENEL 案(Case 6/64 [1964] ECR 585)判决。

[39] 对于最后一种理论,国际法委员会既没有引用学术文献,也没有援引案例。

[40] 参见本书第2章。

[41] 参见本书第3章。

[42] 参见本书第4章。

[43] 参见本书第5章。

[44] 在第7章中详细讨论。有关论证已经在作者的下列著述中予以勾勒:Lorenzo Gasbarri,“The Dual Legality of the Rules of International Organizations”(2017)14 IOLR 87。

[45] 分别在第9—11章中详细讨论。

[46] Fernando Lusa Bordin,The Analogy between States and International Organizations (CUP2018)53.

[47] Anne Peters,“International Organizations and International Law” in Jacob Katz Cogan,Ian Hurd,and Ian Johnstone(eds.),The Oxford Handbook of International Organizations (OUP 2017)34.

[48] Case T-315/01 Yassin Abdullah Kadi v.Council of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities[2005] ECR II 3649,para 181.

[49] Joined Cases C-402-05 P and C-415/05 P Yassin Abdullah Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v.Council of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities[2008] ECR I 6351,para.316.

[50] 《联合国宪章》第103条规定:“联合国会员国在本宪章下之义务与其依任何其他国际协定所负之义务有冲突时,其在本宪章下之义务应居优先。”

[51] Nico Krisch,Beyond ConstitutionalismThe Pluralist Structure of Postnational Law (OUP 2010)370.

[52] ICC,“Prosecution Response to the Observations of the African Union and the League of Arab States(the Prosecutor y Omar Hassan Abmad Al Bashir)”(2018)ICC-02/05-01/09.

[53] ICC,“The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan's submissions following the hearing of 10,11,12,13 and 14 September 2018(the Prosecutor v.Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir)”(2018)ICC-02/05-DI/09,4,5.

[54] ICC,Appeals Chamber,Transcript,“The Prosecutor v.Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir”(10 September 2018)ICC-02/05-01/09-T-4-ENG,72.

[55] ICC,Appeals Chamber,Transcript,“The Prosecutor v.Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir”.(11 September 2018)ICC-02/05-01/09-T-5-ENG,4.

[56] ICC,Appeals Chamber,Transcript,“The Prosecutor v.Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir”.(18 September 2018)ICC-02/05-01/09-T-8-ENG,52.

[57] David P.Fidler,“From International Sanitary Conventions to Global Health Security:The New International Health Regulations”(2005)4 CJIL 325;Benton J.Heath,“SARS,the ‘Swine Flu’ Crisis and Emergency Procedures in the WHO” in Sabino Cassese and others(eds.),Global Administrative LawThe Casebook (IRPA2012)I.B.10.

[58] Bruce Plotkin,“Human Rights and other Provisions in the Revised International Health Regulations(2005)”(2007)121 Public Health 840.

[59] Gian Luca Burci and Clemens A Feinäugle,“The ILC's Articles Seen from a WHO Perspective” in Maurizio Ragazzi(ed.),Responsibility of International Organizations (Brill 2013)186.

[60] ILC,“Comments and Obligations Received from International Organizations”(2006)UN Doc A/CN.4/568,4.