博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试卷六
Section Ⅰ Vocabulary
Directions:
There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1.The ship's generator broke down,and the pumps had to be operated______instead of mechanically.
A.manually
B.artificially
C.automatically
D.synthetically
2.In the Chinese household,grandparents and other relatives play______roles in raising children.
A.incapable
B.indispensable
C.insensible
D.infinite
3.What experience do you have that is______to this position?
A.concerning
B.dependent
C.connecting
D.relevant
4.A man______escaped death when a fire broke out in his home on Sunday morning.
A.narrowly
B.only
C.quite
D.seldom
5.The price increase has had no______effect on sales.
A.susceptible
B.invisible
C.perceptive
D.perceptible
6.Mass production is______only in an economy with a highly developed technology.
A.feasible
B.permissible
C.allowable
D.receivable
7.Those nations that interfere in the internal affairs of another nation should be______condemned.
A.commonly
B.actually
C.uniquely
D.universally
8.The government has decided to reduce a(n)______on all imports.
A.fee
B.charge
C.tariff
D.expenditure
9.The newly-elected president is determined to______the established policy of developing agriculture.
A.go for
B.go on
C.go by
D.go up
10.As always,I had to fight the______to take what she willingly offered.
A.fascination
B.attraction
C.attention
D.temptation
11.The thief tried to open the locked door but______.
A.in no way
B.in vain
C.without effect
D.at a loss
12.This crop does not do well in soils______the one for which it has been specially developed.
A.outside
B.other than
C.beyond
D.rather than
13.“You are very selfish.It's high time you______that you are not the most important person in the world,”Edgar said to his boss angrily.
A.realized
B.have realized
C.realize
D.should realize
14.These two areas are similar______they both have a high rainfall during this season.
A.to that
B.besides that
C.in that
D.except that
15.The tomato juice left brown______on the front of my jacket.
A.spot
B.point
C.track
D.trace
16.Operations which left patients______and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.
A.exhausted
B.abandoned
C.injured
D.deserted
17.I was halfway back to the cottage where my mother lived______Susan caught up with me.
A.when
B.while
C.until
D.though
18.______the temperature falling so rapidly,we couldn't go on with the experiment.
A.Since
B.For
C.As
D.With
19.The bed has been______in the family.It was my great grandmother's originally.
A.handed out
B.handed over
C.handed down
D.handed round
20.I'm very sorry to have______you with so many questions on such an occasion.
A.interfered
B.offended
C.impressed
D.bothered
Section Ⅱ Cloze
Directions:
Read the following passage.For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Human beings are animals.We breathe,eat and digest,and reproduce the same life 21 common to all animals.In a biological laboratory rats,monkeys,and humans seem very much the same.
However,biological understanding is not enough： 22 itself,it can never tell us what human beings are. 23 to our physical equipment the naked human body—we are not an 24 animal.We are tropical creatures, 25 hairless and sensitive to cold.We are not fast and have neither claws nor sharp teeth to defend ourselves.We need a lot of food but have almost no physical equipment to help us get it.In the purely physical 26 ,our species seems a poor 27 for survival.
But we have survived—survived and multiplied and 28 the earth.Some day we will have a 29 living on the moon,a place with neither air nor water and with temperatures that turn gases into solids.How can we have done all these things? Part of the answer is physical. 30 its limitations,our physical equipment has some important 31 .We have excellent vision and hands that can 32 objects with a precision unmatched by any other 33 .Most importantly,we have a large brain with an almost 34 number of neural 35 .
21.A.processes B.acts C.modes D.procedures
22.A.On B.With C.For D.By
23.A.Stripped B.Pared C.Peeled D.Removed
24.A.intelligent B.impressive C.influential D.incentive
25.A.barely B.hardly C.nearly D.scarcely
26.A.meaning B.judgement C.perspective D.sense
27.A.bet B.chance C.fact D.luck
28.A.filled B.loaded C.stuffed D.scattered
29.A.residence B.colony C.home D.empire
30.A.Apart from B.With regard to C.With the exception of D.In spite of
31.A.abilities B.potentials C.capabilities D.possibilities
32.A.maneuver B.manage C.manipulate D.manufacture
33.A.animal B.animals C.creatures D.creature
34.A.infinite B.unknown C.boundless D.ceaseless
35.A.connections B.relations C.activities D.accesses
Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Read the following four passages.Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a Statistics Board of Reviewing Editors(SBoRE).Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group.He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact.This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish.I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says.But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist.Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.”Vaux says that Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”
36.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that______.
A.Science intends to simplify their peer-review process
B.journals are strengthening their statistical checks
C.few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis
D.lack of data analysis is common in research projects
37.The phrase “flagged up”（Para.2）is the closest in meaning to______.
A.found
B.marked
C.revised
D.stored
38.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may______.
A.pose a threat to all its peers
B.meet with strong opposition
C.increase Science's circulation
D.set an example for other journals
39.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now______.
A.adds to researchers' workload
B.diminishes the role of reviewers
C.has room for further improvement
D.is to fail in the foreseeable future
40.Which of the following is the best title of the text?
A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
B.Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
C.Data Analysis Finds Its Way Onto Editors' Desks
D.Statisticians Are Coming Back With Science
2
Depending on your age and memory,it was a week of radically new or reassuringly old developments in the advertising industry.To Mark Zuckerberg,the boss of Facebook,a popular social-networking website,it was the former.Standing in front of about 250 mostly middle-aged advertising executives on November 6th,he announced that Facebook was offering them a new deal.“For the last hundred years media has been pushed out to people,” he said,“but now marketers are going to be a part of the conversation.” Using his firm's new approach,he claimed,advertisers will be able to piggyback on the “social actions” of Facebook users,since “people influence people.”
Mr.Zuckerberg's underlying idea is hardly new.But,says Randall Rothenberg,the boss of the Interactive Advertising Bureau,a trade association,the announcements this week by Facebook and its larger rival,My Space,which has a similar ad system,could amount to a big step forward in conversational marketing.If new technologies that are explicitly based on social interactions prove effective,he thinks,they might advance web advertising to its fourth phase.
From the point of view of marketers,the existing types of online ads already represent breakthroughs.In search,they can now target consumers who express interest in a particular product or service by typing a keyword；they pay only when a consumer responds,by clicking on their ads.In display,they can track and measure how their ads are viewed and whether a consumer is paying attention better than they ever could with television ads.Yet now the holy grail of observing and even participating in consumers' conversations appears within reach.
The first step for brands to socialize with consumers is to start profile pages on social networks and then accept “friend requests” from individuals.On My Space,brands have been doing this for a while.For instance,Warner Bros,a Hollywood studio,had a My Space page for “300”,its film about Spartan warriors.It signed up some 200,000 friends,who watched trailers,talked the film up before its release,and counted down toward its DVD release.
Facebook,from this week,also lets brands create their own pages.Coca-Cola,for instance,has a Sprite page and a “Sprite Sips” game that lets users play with a little animated character on their own pages.Facebook makes this a social act by automatically informing the player's friends,via tiny “news feed” alerts,of the fun in progress.Thus,at least in theory,a Sprite “experience” can travel through an entire group,just as Messrs Lazarsfeld and Katz once described in the offline world.
In many cases,Facebook users can also treat brands' pages like those of other friends,by adding reviews,photos or comments,say.Each of these actions might again be communicated instantly to the news feeds of their clique.Obviously this is a double-edged sword,since they can just as easily criticize a brand as praise it.Facebook even plans to monitor and use actions beyond its own site to place them in a social context.If,for instance,a Facebook user makes a purchase at Fandango,a website that sells cinema tickets,this information again shows up on the news feeds of his friends on Facebook,who might decide to come along.If he buys a book or shirt on another site,then this implicit recommendation pops up too.
41.The fourth phase of web advertising is______.
A.creating brands' own pages on social-networking websites
B.the strategy of conversational marketing
C.on-line advertising through various means
D.interactive advertising
42.The new advertising model makes breakthrough in______.
A.allowing marketers to find consumers with a keyword
B.providing marketers access to measure their ads' effectiveness
C.encouraging consumers to have more communication and interaction
D.endow marketer with the right of creating their own pages
43.The case of Warner Bros implies that______.
A.My Space is having a step further than Facebook
B.the “friend request” approach is effective
C.some initial steps of the new advertising model have been taken
D.this kind of advertising model fits the film industry
44.About Facebook,which one of the following statements is TRUE?
A.It has reached consensus with My Space to push forward the new advertising model.
B.It is marching into a new phase of advertising industry with its expertise.
C.It will make full use of the social actions of its users in the new advertising model.
D.It offers customized service to commercial organizations to facilitate their success.
45.Facebook's principle of “people influence people” is best reflected in its______.
A.special pages for famous brands like Coca-Cola
B.“Sprit Sips” game on the Sprite page
C.tiny alerts of news feeds
D.profile pages and “friends request” to socialize people
3
Before high school teacher Kimberly Rugh got down to business at the start of a recent school week,she joked with her students about how she'd had to clean cake out of the corners of her house after her 2-year-old son's birthday party.This friendly combination of chitchat took place not in front of a blackboard but in an E-mail message that Rugh sent to the 145 students she's teaching at the Florida Virtual School,one of the nation's leading online high schools.The school's motto is“any time,any place,any path,any pace”.
Florida's E-school attracts many students who need flexible scheduling,from young tennis stars and young musicians to brothers Tobias and Tyler Heeb,who take turns working on the computer while helping out with their family's clam-farming business on Pine Island,off Florida's southwest coast.Home-schoolers also are well represented.Most students live in Florida,but 55 hail from West Virginia,where a severe teacher shortage makes it hard for many students to take advanced classes.Seven kids from Texas and four from Shanghai round out the student body.
The great majority of Florida Virtual Schoolers—80 percent are enrolled in regular Florida public or private high schools.Some are busy overachievers.Others are retaking classes they barely passed the first time.The school's biggest challenge is making sure that students aren't left to sink or swim on their own.After the school experienced a disappointing course completion rate of just 50 percent in its early years,Executive Director Julie Young made a priority out of what she calls“relationship-building,”asking teachers to stay in frequent E-mail and phone contact with their students.That personal touch has helped：The completion rate is now 80 percent.
Critics of online classes say that while they may have a limited place,they are a poor substitute for the face-to-face contact and socialization that take place in brick-and-mortar classrooms.Despite opportunities for online chats,some virtual students say they'd prefer to have more interaction with their peers.
Students and parents are quick to acknowledge that virtual schooling isn't for everyone.“If your child's not focused and motivated,I can only imagine it would be a nightmare,”says Patricia Haygood of Orlando,whose two daughters are thriving at the Florida school.For those who have what it takes,however,virtual learning fills an important niche.“I can work at my own pace,on my own time,”says Hackney.“It's the ultimate in student responsibility.”
46.Kimberly Rugh Talked about her son's birthday party______.
A.with her friends
B.with her colleagues
C.in the classroom
D.in an E-mail message sent to her students
47.“Any time,any place,any path,any pace”is______.
A.what taken as the guiding principle of the Florida Virtual School
B.words placed at the beginning of a book or a chapter
C.a slogan put on the wall
D.words used in advertisements
48.From this passage,we can find the following facts except that______.
A.the students at the Florida Virtual School hail from places in or out of the U.S.
B.the students at the online schools can take classes at any time
C.the online schools provide a variety of training from tennis to music
D.among the students of Florida Virtual School,there are some very advanced or backward ones
49.The challenge of the school is______.
A.how to teach the students to swim well
B.how to make the students more active in their learning
C.to complete“the relationship-building”ahead of time
D.to urge the teachers to go to the office more often
50.What is the passage mainly about?
A.Online schooling is more convenient and efficient.
B.Online schooling lacks face-to-face contact and socialization.
C.Online schooling is not for everyone.
D.An overall estimate on online schooling.
4
In the wake of 11 September,Visionics,a leading manufacturer,issued a fact sheet explaining how its technology could enhance airport security.They called it“protecting civilization from the faces of terror”.The company's share price skyrocketed,as did the stocks of other face-recognition companies,and airports across the globe began installing the software and running trials.
As the results start to come in,however,the gloss （光滑表面） is wearing off.No matter what you might have heard about face-recognition software,Big Brother it ain't.
The concern was based largely on an independent assessment of face-recognition systems carried out in 2000 in the U.S.by the Department of Defense.These tests found that to catch 90 percent of suspects at an airport,face-recognition software would have to raise a huge number of false alarms.One in three people would end up being dragged out of the line and that's assuming everyone looks straight at the camera and makes no effort to disguise himself.Results from the recent airport trials would seem to justify that concern.
Most face-recognition systems use some kind of geometric technique to translate a picture of a face into a set of numbers that capture its characteristics.Once it has identified these boundaries,the software calculates their relative sizes and positions and converts this geometry into what Visionics calls a“faceprint”.Feed the software a series of mugshots （通缉犯）,and it'll calculate their faceprints.Then it can monitor live CCTV images for the faces of known suspects.When it finds a match,it raises an alarm.
Even if the system does manage to capture a face,the problems aren't over.The trouble is that a suspect's faceprint taken from live CCTV is unlikely to match the one in the database in every detail.To give themselves the best chance of picking up suspects,operators can set the software so that it doesn't have to make an exact match before it raises the alarm.But there's a price to pay：the more potential suspects you pick up,the more false alarms you get.You have to get the balance just right.
Despite the disappointing tests,some people insist that face-recognition technology is good enough to put terrorists off.After all the claims and counter-claims,with no one able to discern（洞察）the truth,the industry may soon have to face up to reality.
51.The first paragraph tells us that______.
A.Visionics produced the best face-recognition software enhancing airport security
B.Visionics's stocks rose in price
C.the airports were satisfied with the software
D.Visionics's software was a great success
52.The second paragraph implies that______.
A.the surface of the software is not smooth
B.there is a series of face-recognition software products
C.the software turns out to be inefficient
D.the software is not durable
53.What is the fatal defect of the system according to the U.S.Department of Defense?
A.Too many false alarms were raised.
B.Everyone should look straight at the camera.
C.Only 90% of suspects at an airport were found.
D.Everyone should not disguise himself.
54.What makes it so hard for the face-recognition systems to work effectively?
A.The computers are not so advanced.
B.The faceprints of the mugshots fed in the computers are never identical with those of real persons.
C.It is very hard for the operators to learn to control the system.
D.People seldom look straight at the camera.
55.In the last paragraph,the author points out that______.
A.anyway,the face-recognition technology is good enough to frighten the terrorists
B.the industry will have to recognize the real situation and work hard to improve the technology
C.all the claims are premature
D.we must not expect too much
Section Ⅳ Translation
Directions:
In this section there is a passage in English.Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.
There is probably no limit to what science can do in the way of increasing positive excellence.56. Health has already been greatly improved；in spite of the lamentations of those who idealize the past,we live longer and have fewer illnesses than any class or nation in the eighteenth century.
With a little more application of the knowledge we already possess,we might be much healthier than we are.And future discoveries are likely to accelerate this process enormously.
So far,it has been physical science that has had the most effect upon our lives,but in the future physiology and psychology are likely to be far more potent.57. When we have discovered how character depends upon physiological conditions,we shall be able, if we choose, to produce far more of the type of human beings that we admire. Intelligence,artistic capacity,benevolence—all these things no doubt could be increased by science.There seems scarcely any limit to what could be done in the way of producing a good world,if only men would use science wisely.
58. There is a certain attitude about the application of science to human life with which I have some sympathy,though I do not, in the last analysis,agree with it.It is the attitude of those who dread what is“unnatural”. Rousseau is,of course,the great protagonist of the view in Europe.In Asia,Lao-Tze had set it forth even more persuasively,and 2,400 years sooner.59. I think there is a mixture of truth and falsehood in the admiration of “nature”,which it is important to disentangle.To begin with, what is“natural”? Roughly speaking,anything to which the speaker was accustomed in childhood. Lao-Tze objects to roads and carriages and boats,all of which were probably unknown in the village where he was born. Rousseau has got used to these things,and does not regard them as against nature.But he would no doubt have thundered against railways if he had lived to see them. Clothes and cooking are too ancient to be denounced by most of the apostles of nature,though they all object to new fashions in either.Birth control is thought wicked by people who tolerate celibacy,because the former is a new violation of nature and the latter an ancient one.60. In these ways those who preach“nature”are inconsistent,and one is tempted to regard them as mere conservatives.
Section Ⅴ Writing
Directions:
Write an essay of at least 150 words on the topic given below.Use the proper space on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Topic：With her entry into the WTO,China is being plunged into an international competition for talents,and in particular,for higher-level talents.To face this new challenge,China must do something,among other things,to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system.State your opinion about this reform,and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.