博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试卷四
Section Ⅰ Vocabulary
Directions:
There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1.It will take us twenty minutes to go to the railway station,______traffic delays.
A.acknowledging
B.affording
C.allowing for
D.accounting for
2.Over a very large number of trials,the probability of an event______is equal to the probability that it will not occur.
A.occurring
B.occurred
C.occurs
D.occur
3.Home to magnates and gangsters,refugees and artists,the city was,in its______,a metropolis that exhibited all the hues of the human character.
A.prime
B.primary
C.privacy
D.probation
4.The eldest child is thoroughly______because they always give him whatever he wants.
A.wasted
B.spoiled
C.destroyed
D.uneducated
5.Granted,this complaint often comes from sour-grape rivals.But many others are put off by Google's cocksure assertion of its own holiness,as if it______unquestioning trust.
A.merited
B.disaffected
C.devoted
D.concerted
6.In this factory the machines are not regulated______but are jointly controlled by a central computer system.
A.independently
B.individually
C.irrespectively
D.irregularly
7.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change,or causes energy to be______in some form.
A.given off
B.put out
C.set off
D.used up
8.Our corporation's obligation under this______is limited to repair or replacement.
A.warranty
B.license
C.market
D.necessity
9.They are a firm of good repute and have large financial______.
A.reserves
B.savings
C.storages
D.resources
10.In the past 10 years,the company has gradually______all of its smaller rivals.
A.engaged
B.occupied
C.monopolized
D.absorbed
11.By 1929,Mickey Mouse was as popular______children as Coca-Cola.
A.for
B.in
C.to
D.with
12.Because Edgar was convinced of the accuracy of this fact,he______his opinion.
A.struck at
B.strove for
C.stuck to
D.stood for
13.Floods cause billions of dollars worth of property damage______.
A.relatively
B.actually
C.annually
D.comparatively
14.It is______of you to turn down the radio while your sister is still ill in bed.
A.considerable
B.considerate
C.concerned
D.careful
15.These goods are______for export,though a few of them may be sold on the home market.
A.essentially
B.completely
C.necessarily
D.remarkably
16.Frequently single-parent children______some of the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served.
A.take off
B.take after
C.take in
D.take on
17.Over a third of the population was estimated to have no______to the health service.
A.assessment
B.assignment
C.exception
D.access
18.Professor Taylor's talk has indicated that science has a very strong______on the everyday life of non-scientists as well as scientists.
A.motivation
B.perspective
C.impression
D.impact
19.In 1914,an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Eastern Europe______Europe into a great war.
A.inserted
B.imposed
C.pitched
D.plunged
20.The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,______is often the case in other countries.
A.as
B.what
C.so
D.that
Section Ⅱ Cloze
Directions:
Read the following passage.For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Ironically, the intellectual tools currently being used by the political right to such harmful effect originated on the academic left.In the 1960s and 1970s a philosophical movement called postmodernism developed among humanities professors 21 being deposed by science, which they regarded as right-leaning.Postmodernism 22 ideas from cultural anthropology and relativity theory to argue that truth is 23 and subject to the assumptions and prejudices of the observer.Science is just one of many ways of knowing, they argued, neither more nor less 24 than others, like those of Aborigines, Native Americans or women. 25 , they defined science as the way of knowing among Western white men and a tool of cultural 26 .This argument 27 with many feminists and civil-rights activists and became widely adopted, leading to the“political correctness” justifiably 28 by Rush Limbaugh and the“mental masturbation”lampooned by Woody Allen.
Acceptance of this relativistic worldview 29 democracy and leads not to tolerance but to authoritarianism.John Locke, one of Jefferson's “trinity of three greatest men,” showed 30 almost three centuries ago.Locke watched the arguing factions of Protestantism, each claiming to be the one true religion, and asked: How do we know something to be true? What is the basis of knowledge? In 1689 he 31 what knowledge is and how it is grounded in observations of the physical world in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.Any claim that fails this test is “but faith, or opinion, but not knowledge.”It was this idea—that the world is knowable and that objective, empirical knowledge is the most 32 basis for public policy that stood as Jefferson's foundational argument for democracy.
By falsely 33 knowledge with opinion, postmodernists and antiscience conservatives alike collapse our thinking back to a pre-Enlightenment era, leaving no common basis for public policy.Public discourse is 34 to endless warring opinions, none seen as more valid than another.Policy is determined by the loudest voices, reducing us to a world in which might 35 right—the classic definition of authoritarianism.
21.A.satisfied with B.angry with C.displeased at D.proud of
22.A.discounted B.doubted C.adopted D.shared
23.A.objective B.subjective C.cultural D.relative
24.A.variable B.valid C.valuable D.various
25.A.However B.Therefore C.Otherwise D.Furthermore
26.A.assimilation B.inhibition C.representation D.oppression
27.A.resonated B.agreed C.appealed D.responded
28.A.liked B.approved C.verified D.hated
29.A.offsets B.produces C.undermines D.strengthens
30.A.when B.what C.why D.which
31.A.found B.defined C.dictated D.claimed
32.A.practical B.equal C.useful D.equitable
33.A.identifying B.equipping C.equating D.confusing
34.A.deduced B.introduced C.conduced D.reduced
35.A.decides B.causes C.makes D.creates
Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Directions:
In this section,there are four texts.After each text,there are five questions. Read the texts and answer the questions by choosing A,B,C and D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1
To call someone bird-brained in English means you think that person is silly or stupid.But will this description soon disappear from use in the light of recent research? It seems the English may have been unfair in associating bird's brains with stupidity.
In an attempt to find out how different creatures see the world,psychologists at Brown University in the USA have been comparing the behaviour of birds and humans.One experiment has involved teaching pigeons to recognize letters of the English alphabet.The birds study in “classrooms”,which are boxes equipped with a computer.After about four days of studying a particular letter,the pigeon has to pick out that letter from several displayed on the computer screen.Three male pigeons have learnt to distinguish all twenty-six letters of the alphabet in this way.
A computer record of the birds' four-month study period has shown surprising similarities between the pigeons' and human performance.Pigeons and people find the same letters easy,or hard,to tell apart.For example,92 per cent of the time the pigeons could tell the letter D from the letter Z.But when faced with U and V (often confused by English children),the pigeons were right only 34 per cent of the time.
The results of the experiments so far have led psychologists to conclude that pigeons and humans observe things in similar ways.This suggests that there is something fundamental about the recognition process.If scientists could only discover just what this recognition process is,it could be very useful for computer designers.The disadvantage of a present computer is that it can only do what a human being has programmed it to do and the programmer must give the computer precise,logical instructions.Maybe in the future,though,computers will be able to think like human beings.
36.The writer suggests that the expression “bird-brained” might be out of use soon because it is______.
A.silly
B.impolite
C.unnecessary
D.inappropriate
37.Psychologists have been experimenting with pigeons to find out whether the birds______.
A.are really silly or stupid
B.can learn to make ideas known to people
C.see the world as human beings do
D.learn more quickly than children
38.U and V are confused by______.
A.92 per cent of pigeons
B.many English children
C.most people learning English
D.34 per cent of English children
39.There are similarities in observing things by pigeons and humans______.
A.because pigeons are taught by humans
B.because pigeons have brains more developed than other birds
C.because their basic ways to know the world are the same
D.because pigeons and humans have similar brains
40.The research may help______.
A.computer designers
B.computer salesmen
C.psychologists
D.teachers
2
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice.Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect's purse.The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring one's smart phone is more like entering his or her home.A smart phone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence.The development of “cloud computing”,meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution's prohibition on unreasonable searches.
As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn't ease the challenge of line-drawing.In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending.The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole.New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections.Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
41.The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to______.
A.prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
B.search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant
C.check suspects' phone contents without being authorized
D.prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones
42.The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of______.
A.disapproval
B.indifference
C.tolerance
D.cautiousness
43.The author believes that exploring one's phone contents is comparable to______.
A.getting into one's residence
B.handling one's historical records
C.scanning one's correspondences
D.going through one's wallet
44.In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that______.
A.principles are hard to be clearly expressed
B.the court is giving police less room for action
C.citizens' privacy is not effectively protected
D.phones are used to store sensitive information
45.Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that______.
A.the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
B.new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
C.California's argument violates principles of the Constitution
D.principles of the Constitution should never be altered
3
World Trade Organization Director-general Renato Ruggiero predicted that the WTO would boost global incomes by $1 trillion in the next ten years.The pact paves the way for more foreign investment and competition in telecom markets.Many governments are making telecom deregulation a priority and making it easier for outsiders to enter the telecommunication business.
The pace varies widely.The U.S.and Britain are well ahead of the pack,while Thailand won't be fully open until 2006.Only 20% of the $601 billion world market is currently open to competition.That should jump to about 75% in a couple of years—largely due to the Telecom Act in the U.S.last year that deregulated local markets,the opening up of the European Union's markets from Jan.1,1998 and the deregulation in Japan.The WTO deal now provides a forum for the inevitable disputes along the way.It is also symbolic：the first major trade agreement of the post-industrial age.Instead of being obsessed with textile quotas,the WTO pact is proof that governments are realizing that in an information age,telecom is the oil and steel of economies in the future.Businesses around the world are already spending more in total on telecom services than they do on oil.
Consumers,meanwhile,can look forward to a future of lower prices—by some estimates,international calling rates should drop 80% over several years—and better service.Thanks in part to the vastly increased call volume carded by the fiber-optic cables that span the globe today,calling half a world away already costs little more than telephoning next door.The monopolies can no longer set high prices for international calls in many countries.In the U.S.,the world's most fiercely competitive long distance market,frequent callers since last year have been paying about 12 cents a minute to call Britain,a price not much more than domestic rates.
The new competitive environment on the horizon means more opportunities for companies from the U.S.and U.K.in particular because they have plenty of practice at the rough-and-tumble of free markets.The U.S.lobbied hard for the WTO deal,confident that its firms would be big beneficiaries of more open markets.Britain has been deregulated since 1984 but will see even more competition than before：in December,the government issued 45 new international licenses to join British Telecom so that it will become a strong competitor in the international market.However,the once-cosseted industry will get rougher worldwide.Returns on capital will come down.Risks will go up.That is how free markets work.It will look like any other business.
46.Which of the following statements can best describe the main theme of the passage?
A.There is a great potential in the world telecom market.
B.The WTO pact has boosted a rapid development of telecom all over the world.
C.The WTO pact has opened up bigger telecom markets to competition.
D.Governments have realized the importance of telecommunication.
47.What does“well ahead of the pack”mean in respect of the U.S.and Britain?
A.Their telecom technology is much more advanced.
B.Their telecom markets are much more open.
C.They have more money invested in foreign telecom business.
D.They have more competition in the telecom markets.
48.We can reasonably conclude from the passage that______.
A.the world telecom market has been fully explored since the signing of the WTO pact
B.telecom companies of the U.S.and U.K.will undoubtedly dominate the world telecom market
C.many governments have granted a great investment in their telecom business
D.the WTO pact means tougher competition for telecom companies and gentler price for callers
49.In the last paragraph the word“lobby”probably means“______.”
A.persuade
B.approve
C.separate
D.imitate
50.The tone of this passage can be described as______.
A.informative and neutral
B.serious and cautious
C.enthusiastic and optimistic
D.analytical and worried
4
For me,scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences,natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world(physical and biological sciences),and sciences dealing with mankind(psychology,sociology,all the sciences of cultural achievements,every kind of historical knowledge).Apart from these sciences is philosophy about which we will talk shortly.In the first place,all this is pure or theoretical knowledge,sought only for the purpose of understanding,in order to fulfill the need to understand what is essential and substantial to man.What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know.If man did not know that the world existed and the world was of a certain kind that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind,he wouldn't be man.The technical aspects of applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance,because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.
But even while enjoying the results of technical progress,he must defend the primacy and independence of pure knowledge.Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success,but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is in large part unforeseen,except by the imagination of the Utopians.Let me recall a well-known example.If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections,zealously and without the least suspicion that it someday be useful,it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore.The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments,carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity,would eventually lead to modern electrical technology,without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life.Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake,because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance.But,in addition,it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.
51.In the author's opinion,______.
A.both social and natural sciences are aimed at understanding only
B.both pure knowledge and its applications are equally essential to man
C.philosophy is totally independent of the sciences referred to in the text
D.the revolutionary results of pure science can hardly be imagined by Utopians
52.The most important advances made by man come from______.
A.technical applications
B.apparently useless information
C.the natural sciences
D.the study of philosophy
53.The Greeks who studied conic sections______.
A.invented modern mathematical applications
B.were interested in navigation
C.were unaware of the value of their studies
D.were forced to resign themselves to failure
54.The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is______.
A.The Importance of Technical Progress
B.A Little Learning Is a Dangerous Thing
C.Learning for Its Own Sake
D.Man's Distinguishing Characteristics
55.It can be inferred from the passage that man's need to know is chiefly important in that it______.
A.allows the human race to progress technically
B.comprises both the physical and social sciences
C.demonstrates human adaptability
D.defines his essential humanity
Section Ⅳ Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.
The dimensions of tourism are astonishing.In 2012,the U.N.tourism organization celebrated reaching 1 billion international trips in a single year.In gross economic power it is in the same company as oil,energy,finance and agriculture.At least one out of every ten people around the world is employed by the industry,according to Wolfgang Weinz of the International Labour Organization.
Travel has also become a default fund-raising technique.56. Today poor nations see tourism as their best bet out of poverty,second only to oil and energy as the major engine of development. Thailand is the world's biggest exporter of rice,yet its tourism is its number-one money earner.Costa Rica has turned its wilderness into a venue for highly profitable ecotourism.As some as Sri Lanka,and now Burma,began seeing an end to conflict,they opened the door to a rush of tourists.After the Arab Spring uprising,Egypt sent out a plea to cruise companies and tour operators to return and kick-start the economy.
57. The U.N.tourism organization now places poverty reduction as one of its top objectives,along with the high-minded ideals of improving international peace and prosperity. Since the end of the Cold War and the opening of the world for travel,tourism has become an important industry that requires some infrastructure,from airfields to modern highways,it is less expensive than building factories.In theory,poor countries should be able to use the new revenue from the tourism industry to pay for the infrastructure while raising standards of living and improving the environment.One hundred of the world's poorest nations do earn up to 5 percent of their gross national product from foreign tourists who marvel at their exotic customs,buy suitcases of souvenirs and take innumerable photographs of stunning landscapes.
58. But just as tourism is capable of lifting a nation out of poverty,it is just as likely to pollute the environment,reduce standards of living for the poor because the profits go to international hotel chains and corrupt local elites ,and cater to the worst of tourism,including condemning children the exploitation of sex tourism.Like any major industry,tourism has a serious downside,especially since tourism and travel is underestimated as a global powerhouse,its study and regulation is spotty at best.59. Tourism is one of those double-edged swords that may look like an easy way to earn desperately needed money but can ravage wilderness areas and undermine native cultures to fit into package tours : a fifteen-minute snippet of a ballet performed in Southern India; native handicrafts refashioned to fit oversize tourists.What is known is that tourism and travel is responsible for 5.3 per cent of the world's carbon emissions and the degradation of nearly every tropical beach in the world.
To make way for more resorts with spectacular views,developers destroy native habitats and ignore local concerns.60. Preservationists decry the growing propensity to bulldoze old hotels and buildings in favor of constructing new resorts,water holes and entertainment spots that look identical whether in Singapore,Dubai or Johannesburg ,a world where diversity is replaced with homogeneity.Another catastrophe for countries betting on tourism has come from wealthy vacationers who fall in love with a country and but so many second houses that locals can no longer afford to live in their own towns and villages.
Section Ⅴ Writing
Directions:
Some people prefer to plan activities for their free time very carefully.Others choose not to make any plans at all for their free time.Compare the benefits of planning free time activities with the benefits of not making plans.Which do you prefer—planning or not planning for your leisure time? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.You should write about 180 words and put your composition on ANSWER SHEET 2.