第44章 THE UNION LEAGUE OF AMERICA(2)

Even before the end of the war the League was extending its organization into the parts of the Confederacy held by the Federal forces, admitting to membership the army officers and the leading Unionists, though maintaining for the sake of the latter "a discreet secrecy." With the close of the war and the establishment of army posts over the South, the League grew rapidly.The civilians who followed the army, the Bureau agents, the missionaries, and the Northern teachers formed one class of membership; and the loyalists of the hill and mountain country, who had become disaffected toward the Confederate administration and had formed such orders as the Heroes of America, the Red String Band, and the Peace Society, formed another class.Soon there were added to these the deserters, a few old line Whigs who intensely disliked the Democrats, and others who decided to cast their lot with the victors.The disaffected politicians of the up-country, who wanted to be cared for in the reconstruction, saw in the organization a means of dislodging from power the political leaders of the low country.It has been estimated that thirty percent of the white men of the hill and mountain counties of the South joined the Union League in 1865-66.They cared little about the original objects of the order but hoped to make it the nucleus of an anti-Democratic political organization.

But on the admission of Negroes into the lodges or councils controlled by Northern men the native white members began to withdraw.From the beginning the Bureau agents, the teachers, and the preachers had been holding meetings of Negroes, to whom they gave advice about the problems of freedom.Very early these advisers of the blacks grasped the possibilities inherent in their control of the schools, the rationing system, and the churches.By the spring of 1866, the Negroes were widely organized under this leadership, and it needed but slight change to convert the Negro meetings into local councils of the Union League.* As soon as it seemed likely that Congress would win in its struggle with the President the guardians of the Negro planned their campaign for the control of the race.Negro leaders were organized into councils of the League or into Union Republican Clubs.Over the South went the organizers, until by 1868 the last Negroes were gathered into the fold.

* Of these teachers of the local blacks, E.L.Godkin, editor of the New York Nation, who had supported the reconstruction acts, said: "Worse instructors for men emerging from slavery and coming for the first time face to face with the problems of free life than the radical agitators who have undertaken the political guidance of the blacks it would be hard to meet with."The native whites did not all desert the Union League when the Negroes were brought in.Where the blacks were most numerous the desertion of whites was general, but in the regions where they were few some of the whites remained for several years.The elections of 1868 showed a falling off of the white radical vote from that of 1867, one measure of the extent of loss of whites.

From this time forward the order consisted mainly of blacks with enough whites for leaders.In the Black Belt the membership of native whites was discouraged by requiring an oath to the effect that secession was treason.The carpetbagger had found that he could control the Negro without the help of the scalawag.The League organization was soon extended and centralized; in every black district there was a Council; for the state there was a Grand Council;and for the United States there was a National Grand Council with headquarters in New York City.

The influence of the League over the Negro was due in large degree to the mysterious secrecy of the meetings, the weird initiation ceremony that made him feel fearfully good from his head to his heels, the imposing ritual, and the songs.The ritual, it is said, was not used in the North; it was probably adopted for the particular benefit of the African.The would-be Leaguer was informed that the emblems of the order were the altar, the Bible, the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, the flag of the Union, censer, sword, gavel, ballot box, sickle, shuttle, anvil, and other emblems of industry.He was told to the accompaniment of clanking chains and groans that the objects of the order were to preserve liberty, to perpetuate the Union, to maintain the laws and the Constitution, to secure the ascendancy of American institutions, to protect, defend, and strengthen all loyal men and members of the Union League in all rights of person and property, to demand the elevation of labor, to aid in the education of laboring men, and to teach the duties of American citizenship.This enumeration of the objects of the League sounded well and was impressive.At this point the Negro was always willing to take an oath of secrecy, after which he was asked to swear with a solemn oath to support the principles of the Declaration of Independence, to pledge himself to resist all attempts to overthrow the United States, to strive for the maintenance of liberty, the elevation of labor, the education of all people in the duties of citizenship, to practice friendship and charity to all of the order, and to support for election or appointment to office only such men as were supporters of these principles and measures.